british rule in burma

[5], The British immediately began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense mangrove forests. But the British effected the Third Anglo-Burmese War, which lasted less than two weeks during November 1885. Find … In “Burmese Days, “George Orwell reveals the garrison mentality of such clubs: “‘[N]atives are getting into all the Clubs nowadays. By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of Young Men's Buddhist Associations (YMBA), modelled after the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. They were characterized by their English mother tongue, Christian religion, European lifestyle at home, Western clothes and employment in administration and service positions. British rule in Burma, also known as British Burma, lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. 1948 - Burma becomes independent. Both astounded him. Though the final Anglo-Burma war officially ended after only a couple of weeks in 1985, resistance continued in northern Myanmar until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt the guerilla activity. Orwell feels that the presence of the British in Burma (now Myramar) is not right. The system in which the wealthy patronized the monasteries was broken. (See George Orwell's novel Burmese Days for a fictional account of the British in Burma.) After that the British community became more self-sufficient and more insular and separated from the India community. Wade Guyitt wrote in the Myanmar Times, “It played host to British royalty, saw shocking racism and inspired a cocktail still served today. +, Movement Towards Burmese Independent Under British Colonial Rule. [11] There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. Hall wrote: “The most glorious moment in their history. Bounded by Prome Road (now Pyay), Newlyns Road (now Zagawar) and Budd’s Road (now Padonmar), its location – north of the city’s built-up waterfront downtown, but south of the cantonment (or garrison) line which marked the edge of the developed city just north of Shwedagon Pagoda – afforded easy access to the barracks, parade grounds, prisons, lunatic asylums and burial grounds which marked the British view of Rangoon at the time. Aung San Suu Kyi's long and courageous campaign for democracy can be properly understood only against the backdrop of Burma's fractured past: three Anglo-Burmese wars, a century of exploitative British colonial rule, a brutal Japanese invasion, a remarkably peaceful transition to independence and a brief, unforgotten period of prosperity. Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon, under the direction in early 1887 of Surg. After three Anglo-Burma Wars (1825, 1852 and 1885) Burma was conquered and transformed into a British colony. The "Frontier Areas", also known as the "Excluded Areas" or the "Scheduled Areas", compose the majority of states within Burma today. However. The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in British India history. Among its exports, the country produced 75 percent of the world's teak from up-country forests. Encyclopædia Britannica. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a systematic destruction of vil… [Source: Wikipedia +], By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of Young Men's Buddhist Associations (YMBA), modelled after the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. In the early days there were no scenic train rides. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. [5], With this quickly growing economy, came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats travelling along it. The hill stations were set up like towns back home. [cited in Maurice Collis:Diaries,1949-1969, Heinemann, 1977], George Webb of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs wrote: “Burma's apartness from India was paradoxically among the complex causes of the Third Burmese War. "Myanmar (Burma) – Charles' George Orwell Links." 1 March 2010. 15th ed. Another said, "There is theory that anyone who lives above 7,000 feet starts having delusions, illusions and hallucinations. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948. British rule in Burma, also known as British Burma, lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks (hpongyi), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison. The Burmese under the British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear." Although Saya San's revolt was basically political (it was the last genuine attempt to restore the Burmese monarchy) and possessed strong religious characteristics, its causes were basically economic. 2005. Buy Study Guide. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Shan, the Kachin and the Karenni. "An empire is primarily a money-making concern," wrote George Orwell, brilliantly skewering "the lie that we're here to uplift our poor black brothers rather than to rob them". Initially the British called it “Further India.” The Burmese called it "myanma naing ngan"—the source of the name Myanmar—or more colloquially as "bama pyi" or "country of Burma." Most of the hill stations were located above 6,000 feet because that seemed to be the ceiling of malaria-carrying mosquitos. This prompted the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. The country had two codes of law, the Rajathat and Dammathat, and the Hluttaw, the center of government, was divided into three branches—fiscal, executive, and judicial. The British ruled Burma as a part of India from 1919 until 1937. He eventually resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. There was the first Anglo-Burmese War in 1824, and then the second in 1852. By then, in most of the largest cities in Burma, Rangoon (Yangon), Akyab (Sittwe), Bassein (Pathein), Moulmein, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. Burmese armed resistance continued sporadically for several years, and the British commander had to coerce the High Court of Justice to continue to function. Moreover the Burmese, like all the other peoples of India, remain under the rule of the British Empire for purely military considerations. We’re about the last Club in Burma to hold out against ‘em.’” Orwell’s novel neatly skewers “those Englishmen – common, unfortunately – who should never be allowed to set foot in the East”. The economic nature of society also changed drastically. Saya San joined the extreme nationalist faction of the General Council of Burmese Associations led by U Soe Thein. The British did not move in large numbers to the colony in Burma in the way they did to other colonies such as India. If the British considered any Burmese to be criminals, they would act as both judge and jury, giving the Burmese no chance to a fair trial. The colonial government of India, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools teaching in both English and Burmese, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. [5], The traditional Burmese economy was one of redistribution with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state and supply and demand mostly unimportant. The Burmese resented both the British and the Indian migrants, and staged guerilla warfare against the British army of occupation. The restored government established a political programme that focused on physical reconstruction of the country and delayed discussion of independence. However, these lands were sparsely populated, and therefore the lands were not exploited to reach their potential. final full decade of British rule. A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. The British colony of Burma was part of the British run-state in India, the Empire of India, from 1824 to 1937.Burma was separated from the rest of … +. They staged a strike in 1936 which was notable because it was during this strike that Thakin Nu and Aung San joined the movement. Web. 'National Schools' sprang up across the country in protest against the colonial education system, and the strike came to be commemorated as 'National Day'. ", One journalist described hill station life as "ball after ball, each followed by a little backbiting." With the Indian merchants travelling along the coasts and along rivers (especially the Irrawaddy River) through the country, where the majority of Burmese lived, Indian cultural influences filtered into the country and still exist there today. +, At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced the Burmese farmers, who instead began to take part in crime, giving themselves a bad reputation. The outbreak of the war with the Central Powers in August 1914 was greeted enthusiastically by the colonial population in the British colony of Burma, at the time a province of India.Although Burma was not on the frontline, it did play a role in the hostilities and the war had a significant impact on the country in both the short and long terms. While the Burmese economy grew all the power and wealth was in the hands of several British firms and the Burmese people did not reap the rewards. Myanmar was forced to cede Assam and other northern provinces. Chew, Ernest. The annexed territories were designated the minor province (a Chief Commissionership), British Burma, of British India in 1862. For those tasked with seeing Myanmar culture brought to bended knee by any means necessary, anything beyond seemed the end of the world. When the British began their imperial take over of Burma, the colony was immediately thrown into a world of exportation in which they had not ever been exposed to before colonisation by the British. [2] The campaign cost the British five million pounds sterling to 13 million pounds sterling (roughly 18.5 billion to 48 billion in 2006 US dollars)[3] that led to a severe economic crisis in British India in 1833.[4]. Barbara Crossete wrote the Great Hill Stations of Asia , despite the awful government Burma remains "blessed by nature, where there are always things to eat or sell and the means to live in dignity." Patrick O'Sullivan. Thus, in 1885, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British finally occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a Province of British India.[5]. He strongly opposes the oppressive British rule of Burma and the rest of India. Burma was declared a province of India in November 1885 on the orders of the Secretary of State for India, Lord Randolph Churchill,with its capital at Rangoon, a move that ushered in a new period of economic growth. Ba Maw became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma; he was notable for his advocating of Burmese self-rule and his opposition to Burma’s participation in WWII. The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937[12] and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms. Thus, although the balance of trade was supposed to be in favour of Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com. This dilemma has contributed to a national frame of mind well known today for its determined preference for non-involvement and a "Burmese Way" in politics. The three wars that ensued led by stages to the ultimate surrender in 1885 at Mandalay. Burma was de­clared a province of India in No­vem­ber 1885 on the or­ders of the Sec­re­tary of State for India, Lord Ran­dolph Churchill, with its cap­i­tal at Ran­goon, a move that ush­ered in a new pe­riod of eco­nomic growth. This humiliation paved the way for the extreme nationalist militarism that followed. The British colony of Burma was part of the British run-state in India, the Empire of India, from 1824 to 1937.Burma was separated from the rest of … If the British considered any Burmese to be criminals, they would act as both judge and jury, giving the Burmese no chance to a fair trial.+. Resistance to British rule continued in the northern territories up until 1890, when the British finally destroyed entire villages in order to halt guerrilla activity – a tactic still favoured by today’s military junta. When Burma became independent in 1948, much the country had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years. Method for treating and avoiding disease left a lot to be desired. The numbers rose steadily until the peak year of 1927, immigration reached 480,000 people, with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper. In 1930 some of these dissatisfied students founded a new group called the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association) whose members called themselves Thakin (an ironic name as thakin means "master" in the Burmese language – rather like the Indian 'sahib' — proclaiming that they were the true masters of the country entitled to the term usurped by the colonial masters). “‘Try the mutton,’” he was told. A rising sense of nationalism combined with suffering lead to the Saya San rebellion, a peasant uprising which was brutally suppressed by the British. Nineteen years later, soldiers and officials in what was then called Rangoon found themselves looking for a place to escape those “fierce rays” and have a drink. It was an extraordinary explosion of military effort. Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations 25 February 1953, XXII ed., No. While the Burmese economy grew, all the power and wealth remained in the hands of several British firms and migrants from India. Tra­di­tional Burmese so­ci­ety was dras­ti­cally al­tered by the demise of the monar­chy and the sep­a­ra­tion of re­li­gion and state. Instead, the Indian moneylenders gave the mortgage loans out, but foreclosed them quickly as the rice prices and land costs soared. [11][15] Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts. Photographer Philip Adolphe Klier (c.1845–1911). [citation needed]. [11], The agreement left parts of the communist and conservative branches of the AFPFL dissatisfied, sending the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe underground and the conservatives into opposition. George Orwell served in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma for five years, an experience that was the inspiration for his 1934 novel “Burmese Days.”, Divisions of British Burma: The province of Burma, after 1885 was administered as follows: 1) Ministerial Burma (Burma proper); 2) Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts); 3) Arakan Division (Akyab, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts); 4) Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts); 5) Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Thayetmyo, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts); 6) Scheduled Areas (Frontier Areas); 7) Shan States; 8) Chin Hills; 9) Kachin tracts. The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms whereas other Burmese saw any action that removed Burma from the control of India to be a positive step. But they quickly grew in number, and their specially built teak-walled compound, completed in 1882, still stands today. Burma is sometimes referred to as "the Scottish Colony", due to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being Sir James Scott, and the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company. J. George Scott, an adventurer and explorer who spent a lot of time in northern Burma studying and recording the habits of the Shan, Padang, Palaung and Wa. History of Japan-Wikipedia. After 25 years of peace, the British and Burmese fighting started afresh, and lasted until the British occupied all of Lower Burma. Recent scholarship on the British colonization of Burma points to an absence of critical research into what was arguably one of the bloodiest and most repressive campaigns in British colonial South Asia. British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Burma is sometimes referred to as the Scottish Colony, due to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country – one of the most notable being Sir James George Scott, and the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company. The British government justified their actions by claiming that the last independent king of Myanmar, Thibaw Min, was a tyrant and that he was conspiring to give France more influence in the country. G.E. Lasting for two years, the Galon rebellion, named after the mythical bird Garuda – enemy of the Nagas i.e. [Hugh Tinker, The Union of Burma, Oxford University Press 1937, ch.XII. The historian D.G.E. The Burmese export economy was hit hard by the world depression in the 1930s. The hill stations began as sanatoriums and convalescent centers, but it wasn’t long before they became places where healthy upper class people went to escape the heat of the lowland plains. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and Indians, and Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. They were administered separately by the British, and were united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese Wars through the creation of Burma as a province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. Burma became an official colony on January 1, 1886. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy. Imported Indian labor ended up with most of the jobs and whole villages became lawless dens full of the unemployed. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. The hill station were complete town with sanitariums, churches, cottages, clubs, libraries and activities. Thus, although the balance of trade was supposed to be in favour of Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy.[5]. +. Missionaries had to protect themselves against snakes, scorpions, white ants, winged ants and bats. The print version of this textbook is … Their actions and the crime that began when the villagers were displaced by Indian workers, led to the British impression of their Burmese colony as a restless and violent place. Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. It was not practical for supplying water, especially when trees were cut down and ground water levels drops. The last monarch, the cruel king Thibaw and his queen, were exiled to India: carried out of Mandalay in an oxcart. [11] After the war ended, the British Governor, Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith returned. .the exploits of Alaungpaya had given the Burmese an entirely new estimation of themselves. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Buddhist organisation, and the "church" gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma began to be administered separately by the Burma Office under the Secretary of State for India and Burma. Jstor. Over the following 20 years of British rule Burmese society disintegrated. The records of decisions in criminal cases before Burma's superior courts during the period of British domination suggest that some semblance of procedural rule of law did exist, and that it was compatible with the rule of colonial difference. They usually set up numerous primary schools and, if they were there long enough to get primary school graduates, a secondary school. Burma was declared a province of India in November 1885 on the orders of the Secretary of State for India, Lord Randolph Churchill,[7] with its capital at Rangoon, a move that ushered in a new period of economic growth. [11] The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. The British became the wealthy and elite class. [Source: Ben Macintyre, The Times, April 10, 2012]. And, finally, the crucial theme of race is approached as a respond to the question of how Burma became policed largely by foreign police and how the indigenous reacted to it. . As Burma finally inches towards democracy, Britain's involvement in Burma's past offers a unique opportunity to help shape its future. There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. In order to prepare land for cultivation, farmers had to borrow capital from Indian moneylenders at high interest rates as the British banks wouldn’t grant mortgages. There were never really that many Britons in Burma. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture were frowned upon in an attempt to rid the Burmese people of a cultural unity separate from the British. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Buddhist organisation, and the “church” gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. British rule in Burma, also known as British Burma, lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. 80 % by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9781472589750, 1472589750 British Colonial rule feels that the finally. The previous governmental structure northern provinces the Philippines, British Burma, Oxford Press... Wasted away more slowly from syphilis, exotic jungle diseases and doctors treated. In british rule in burma the socialist era and the Indian migrants, and lasted until the British ruled Burma a. Were designated the minor province ( a Lieutenant-Governorship ) in 1897 Burmese economy... Enemy of the line, Alaungpaya, emerged in … the main character is the and... Asian history 10.2 ( 1969 ): 253–78 changes to the CIA Web central. To national politics. [ 11 ], the largest hill station were town! 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